Personal Narrative My Favorite Thing - 1297 Words

Think of your favorite thing in the world to do. Something that defines you. Something that you can only experience from your eyes. For me it is soccer, and through that came a rite of passage that will be with me forever. I was born and raised in Haymarket, Virginia. Haymarket is a small town about 40 miles west of Washington, DC. If you were to drive 30 minutes one way you would be in the country. If you drive 30 minutes the other way you would be in the city. Haymarket is located in the middle between the county and city. My point here is that I have always been in the middle. I am the middle child, average height, and I never thought of myself as anything special. I would just stroll through life having a good time never worried or†¦show more content†¦My team the Battlefield Bobcats were never the underdogs going into a championship game. The clock was ticking down, there were only 12 minutes left in the game. My legs were tired, body aching, I was drenched in sweat and my team s energy was nowhere to be found. Every pass my team would make would not be completed. It was either a sloppy pass due to exhausted legs or intercepted by the other team. My head was down with frustration and my spirit was broken. I wanted to just fall to the ground and crawl into the shade. I felt defeated. I looked up at the scoreboard and the time read 8 minutes left. As I looked at the scoreboard I felt a jolt of energy enter my body. I had felt as if a fire was lit under me. My eyes opened as if I had just seen a ghost. I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"how can we lose this game?† I made a promise to myself that I would win 4 state titles while being at Battlefield High School. This was my sophomore year of high school and I had already won one state title, how could I give up now and let my dreams be crushed, I worked too hard for that to happen. In that moment I knew there was only one result I was going to walk off the field with, and that was with a win and another State Championship. I took a deep breath and thought to myself, â€Å"My team needs energy. They need a leader.† At this point in the game the other team was holding possession of the ball waiting for the time to run out and for the game to end.Show MoreRelatedReflection Paper1022 Words   |  5 Pages including in an English class. Throughout the semester I have grown as a writer. There are still things that I could of course work on, and get better at. But, as of recently I have become a better writer than what I started out as. Concepts that I have learned I can continue to build off of to become a better writer. Which is something I hope to do. Going into English 1010 I knew there were things that I could be better at. Therefore, I came into class with an open mind. 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I did not want to find myself struggling to write multiple papers for multiple classes in a limited amount of time. I decided Dual Enrollment would be my best bet; and obtaining some college credit wouldn’t hurt either. I strongly believe I haveRead MoreWhy I Want For School Assignments1528 Words   |  7 Pagesbegin with all the things I ve done in my life that have involved literacy. Whether it d be speaking, reading, or writing; I can truly say that all three of these areas have expanded and developed over the years. However, I never had to do any of this alone. There was always inspiration for the times I was stuck on a blank page. There were always teachers, friends, and peers who were always there to guide me in the right direction for school assignments. I feel as if even my bed was an aid in helpingRead MoreMy Favorite Time Has Come !1130 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Your favorite time has come! Anyone wants to make a guess?! It’s time to write an essay!† Of course Ms.L would end class with a comment like this. I always did my English homework because she was a bit intimidating when you didn’t finish the homework she had assigned, but an essay? I glance at the paper thr own to my table and the only words that catch my eye are â€Å"personal and minimum: 1000 words.† I run my hands over my face back and forth, but it also feels like someone is hitting my chest withRead MoreExpository Writing - Writing And Writing1560 Words   |  7 Pageswas not certain what to except from this course. Writing has never been my strong suit, early in the semester I struggled with the writings. In high school, English class was not my favorite subject causing me to not gain the knowledge I should have, coming into this course with a poor knowledge about expository and narrative writing. Once I entered this course, the information that was received about expository and narrative writing helped me tremendously. I became accustomed to the new writing styleRead MoreAdvice For First Writing Course At The University Of Central Florida983 Words   |  4 PagesAdvice to First Writing Course at the University of Central Florida Writing courses can be challenging and that is why I decided to write this personal narrative. I believe that a personal narrative is better for an advice column than a research paper. A personal narrative would give more personal experience and insight on how the course was. It would be more valid since it is true. I think people learn better when they read and hear something from the person they are talking to rather than beingRead MoreI Hate Children s Theater1056 Words   |  5 Pageschildren. Calling my practice Children’s theater limits possibilities, as many consider this field of performance more educational rather than holding high artistic merits, which leaves me frustrated. 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My body sagged with fatigue, arms unable to rise above my waist, and my head drooped in eagerness to meet my bed. Of course I was eager in turn to meet my head’s throbbing expectations, leaping into bed to a night long and full of eventful dreams. Then I heard those fatal words, courtesy of my darling mother ,† Did you have good day? Did you get everything done that you needed to?† â€Å"Mrghm†¦ In-a-bit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , came my mumbled, muffled, reply. As much as I anticipated giving my body permission

Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956 Free Essays

string(110) " to get rid of the â€Å"cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller†, obviously referring to Presley\." 1. Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956. This is shown as the writer compliments Presley and talks very positive about his career. We will write a custom essay sample on Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article illustrates just how successful his career was. It tells us that he sold a vast number of records and that he was a top earner for his record company, RCA. It also tells us he had six hit singles in the company’s list of top 25 best selling singles, and compliments Presley by referring to him as a â€Å"winner† and â€Å"amazing†. The writer also displays a sarcastic tone as he refers to Presley as â€Å"HOT AS A $1 PISTOL†. This comment could be taken as a flattering remark, or a slight on Presley’s talent. Its insulting aspect would be the fact that the writer could be calling Presley cheap and simple, and like a $1 Pistol after a few good shots would be useless. Another slur on Presley’s ability is the fact the writer refers to him as a â€Å"country warbler†, implying that he cannot sing and his words are indistinguishable. This article was written for an American music magazine called â€Å"Billboard†. This shows that Presley must have had some impact as he was popular enough to be featured in magazines and was regarded as a celebrity. This article is a primary source of evidence of Presley’s impact from 3rd March 1956. 2. The evidence in Sources C and D disagree with the evidence in Source B, which is very biased. Source B shows you all negative opinions of Presley from several newspapers. Each article describes that Presley has no singing ability and says that he â€Å"caterwauls†, meaning he sounds like a cat wailing. The New York Times goes as far to say that Presley has â€Å"no singing ability†. All refer to his appearance on the Milton Berle Show. These newspaper articles show us the opinions of the establishment, especially that of newspaper columnists. Also, the majority of the newspaper’s audience were adults, and many thought that Presley was corrupting their children’s minds. Source C disagrees with these opinions, and is an extract from â€Å"Variety†, an American television and radio magazine in June 1956. This extract tells us that Presley’s appearance on the Milton Berle Show was most welcomed by the viewing public. It tells us that Milton Berle was both â€Å"relaxed† and â€Å"more effective† when ending his show, showing that he welcomed and enjoyed Presley’s appearance. Another argument that shows Source C disagrees with Source B is that it tells us that the â€Å"Milton Berle show topped Phil Silver’s Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season†. This proves that many people watched Presley in preference to other channels, and his appearance on the Milton Berle show caused it to defeat Sergeant Bilko, which was a very popular show at the time. However, Sources B and C come from two different publications with two different intentions. The newspapers would appeal to adults, and a way of selling more newspapers would be to condemn Presley. Many adults would buy the newspaper if they agreed to its views. â€Å"Variety† would appeal to teenagers as it was a music magazine, and a way that they could earn more profit would be to write about Presley, and be in favour of him. Source D could either agree or disagree with the evidence in Source B. The crowd in this photo both look very excited and all seem to be enjoying themselves on the photograph. Presley does not seem to be in any act of vulgarity, yet you cannot tell, since it is only a still picture. However, it was discovered that Colonel Parker, Presley’s manager, paid teenage girls to scream and even faint during Presley’s performances, so the credibility of the photograph can be questioned. The only thing that the photograph supports is the statement from Source B in the New York Journal that â€Å"it has caused the most heated reaction† and this is plain to see from the photograph. 3. These sources clearly show the Presley’s impact in the 1950s. All of the sources are extremely useful as they highlight the different opinions of Presley from different groups of people. Source E contains three sources that all illustrate the negative impact Presley had. Source E ( i ) is a statement from Congressman Emmanuel Cellar. He claims that Presley’s â€Å"animal gyrations violate all I know to be in good taste†. This obviously shows that Cellar did not like Presley. One of the reasons he may make this statement is because he wants to appeal to adults. The simple reason is that he sees the adults as one thing; voters. If he can appeal to the adults and give them what they want, many will support and vote for him, as he is a politician. Racism and prejudice can also be detected in his statement, as he says â€Å"the coloured people†. He refers to them as though they are an object, something lower and less important than he is. He also mention that Rock and Roll provides talent for â€Å"then coloured people†, implying that this is all that they are good for, and have no real place in the American society. Source E ( ii ) is a statement from a member of the Ku Klux Klan. This member says that they have set up a committee to get rid of the â€Å"cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller†, obviously referring to Presley. You read "Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956" in category "Papers" This statement shoes us the views of many racists at the time. He uses the word â€Å"cannibalistic† to describe that they thought Presley was some sort of evil trying to convert teenagers to black music and â€Å"drag them to the same level†. The Ku Klux Klan saw people of other races as some sort of enemy, and anybody who mixed with, or was friends with people from other races were also the enemy. This can account for why the Ku Klux Klan wanted to get rid of Presley. Source E ( iii ) is a statement from Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher. He claimed that he â€Å"would not let his daughter cross the street to see Elvis Presley. His statement can represent the views of the church, and also the views of a father, as he speaks of his daughter. His point of view is that Presley was causing teenagers to sin and that Presley promoted juvenile delinquency. Many teenagers idolised Presley and Reverend Albert Carter claimed that he was â€Å"an evil influence on the youth of our society†, and further claimed Rock and Roll would turn teenagers into â€Å"devil-worshipers†. These statements prove that the Church felt that Presley was an atrocity, corrupting the mind of the country’s teenagers. It is interesting to note that two of the sources, ( i ) and ( iii ), come from fairly important people in the establishment. One comment is from a politician and the other from a preacher, both respected people. However, these comments had the exact opposite effect of what was intended. Teenagers saw that these respected people did not like this music, and so bought it all the more. This is because teenagers now saw the music that members of the establishment were condemning as rebellious, and so when they bought this music their feelings of rebellion were increased. The comments of Billy Graham and Congressman Emmanuel Cellar had a backlash effect. Source F is proof of Presley’s success and popularity during the mid 1950s. In 1955 all songs in the top five list are ballads with Bill Hayes – The Ballad of Davy Crockett at the top. However, next years results are much different. In 1956, Presley takes up four of the top five single spaces, with Don’t Be Cruel/Hound Dog at the top of the chart. This shows just how quickly Presley became popular, in the space of a year, from being a lorry driver he was now one of the country’s most famous people. He had become a sensation in one year. In 1957 Presley occupied three of the five top single spaces, and All Shock Up at the top of the charts. His only rival was Pat Boone, dubbed the acceptable face of Rock and Roll. These results heavily contrast with the evidence from Source E and show that the majority of America’s society disagreed with their opinions. However, all evidence from Source E is from adults, racists and members of the establishment. His popularity was mainly with teenagers and it is them that promoted Presley to the top of these charts. Source F shows Presley’s sudden impact on America that occurred almost overnight. 4. By 1958, many attitudes had changed towards Presley, especially of those who were against him. One reason he became more acceptable was because his record company, RCA, was toning down his image. They tried to make him more acceptable to the public by stopping his controversial movements during his performances. His songs were also toned down, his earlier work a lot more energetic than his later work. The reason for this was simple enough; it would create a wider audience and a wider audience would equal more profit for RCA. Another factor that led to Presley becoming more acceptable was when he was conscripted to the army in 1958. In the eyes of the public, Presley willingly joined the army to serve for his country. Many people were surprised that Presley did not try to use his money or influence to ‘buy’ his way out of service. People now saw him as a true patriotic hero who would serve and die for his country. Those who once disliked him now regarded him as somebody devoted to his country. However, it was only in the public eye that Presley wanted to conscript. It was one of the last things Presley wanted to do, but this image had to be maintained in order for him to gain popularity. RCA most likely convinced him to do it, as he would not do it of his own free will. For a start, Presley’s mother was ill at the time of his conscription. This again could work to his advantage as the public saw him joining the army even though his mother was sick. Another thing Presley was worried about was that his popularity may dwindle while he was conscripted. However, RCA worked around this and released singles and merchandise so that he would not be forgotten while he was in the army. Many politicians saw Presley as an advantage now that he had conscripted. They could now use Presley as a form of propaganda. This is because at that time the Cold War, a state of hostility between two countries without any military action, was occurring between the USA and the Soviet-Union. This was because they disagreed on their social ideology, the Soviet-Union in favour of communism and the USA in favour of democracy. Politicians used this event to promote American democracy and the American Dream, saying â€Å"where else could a nobody like Presley become a somebody so quickly†. At the time the country was swept with anti-communist behaviour and hysteria, and many politicians used this to their advantage. Senator McCarthy was one such person. He got rid of many of his political and social enemies by accusing them of being communists, and having affiliations with communism. Many Americans were convinced by McCarthy that they were surrounded by communists who were plotting to undermine the American way of life. 5. I both agree and disagree partially with this statement. Both Presley’s impact and success was the result of these two factors. To begin with, his first television appearance was on the Dorsey Brothers Stage Show in 1956, followed by 15 other television appearances in the same year. In 1957, Presley made an appearance on the Milton Berle Show, which Sources B and C relate to. Source B shows us the negative impact Presley had as the New York Times, New York Journal and the Daily News describe Presley as having ‘no singing ability’ and giving ‘a display of primitive physical movement† with â€Å"grunt and groan antics†. Source C contradicts these statements. It is an extract from â€Å"Variety†, an American television and radio magazine. It tell us that the â€Å"Milton Berle show topped Phil Silver’s Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season†. This shows how immensely popular Presley was, as he appeared on television numerous times which just added to his impact in America, whether it was good or bad. Ed Sullivan even stated that â€Å"Elvis was too big not to have on the show†, and he was totally against the idea of Presley appearing on his show. Ed Sullivan, who had declared that Presley was â€Å"not my cup of tea,† bowed to popular pressure and paid him $50,000 for three appearances. This shows the impact Presley had on television in America. Another television appearance that led to his fame and impact was his roles in Hollywood movies. He starred in films such as â€Å"Love Me tender† and â€Å"King Cerole†. These films were often sold out due to their immense popularity, probably not because of Presley’s acting talent, just the fact that he starred in it. Many of Presley’s fans protested when at the end of â€Å"Love Me Tender†, Presley died, so the end scene was shot again so that he survived. This shows just to what extent producers would go for Presley and his fans, as he had such an impact on television. However, were it not for his singing ability he would not have appeared on television at all, so Presley’s musical talent must have also contributed to his impact. Source F shows us just how many people bought his record, so his musical talent must have contributed to his impact. If people only watched him on television for his performances, then why would they go out and buy his music if they did not like it? This must mean that Presley’s music must have started Presley’s impact. â€Å"Hound Dog† sold 1 million copies in just two weeks after it was released. In fact in 1956 he had four top five singles for that year, and in 1957 he had three top five singles for that year. This source just illustrates how popular Presley’s music was on its own. When Presley appeared on television he performed his top songs. Now if nobody was interested in his musical talent, why not just interview him? In 1956 alone Presley sold 12,500,000 singles and 2,750,000 million albums. He sold 1,350,000 copies of â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel†, which was his first gold record. These tremendous figures provide further evidence that his music contributed to his impact. Source A even tells us that â€Å"Presley has six hit singles in the company’s hit list of top-25 best sellers†. Presley’s musical and television coverage was very important in his career. However, something else caused Presley’s impact. Source E shows the political, racist and religious impact that Presley had on society. Source E ( i ) is the statement from Congressman Emmanuel Cellar who says that Rock and Roll should stay with â€Å"the coloured people† but that it is not good enough for the whites. Source E ( ii ) shows the racist reaction of a member of the Ku Klux Klan whose plan is to ‘do away with this cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller’. This is a very important impact, no matter how controversial, as it is an impact on a group of people. In Source E ( iii ) the religious reaction is demonstrated when Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher claims he ‘would not let his daughter cross the street to see Elvis’. Another religious reaction is from the Reverend Albert Carter who states â€Å"The effect of rock and roll on young people is to turn them into devil-worshippers†¦and to stimulate self-expression through sex†¦it is an evil influence on the youth of our society†. This shows us the impact on the religious community. At first the whole idea of Presley was his image of rebelliousness. Although this changed by 1958 when Presley joined the army as shown by source G. This source shows Presley being illustrated as a patriotic hero for his country, and this had a massive impact on both his fans and those who did not like him. He was also made more acceptable as his image was toned down and his songs became much calmer, no longer shouting or brimming with energy, as he had been manufactured by RCA. These points and source of evidence prove my point that it was not just his television appearances or his music that had an impact, but the combination of both of them. How to cite Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956, Papers

Influence of Temperature and Pretreatments †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Temperature and Pretreatments. Answer: Introduction The getting old framework wherein home grown texture is degraded and biogas (contained for the most part methane and carbon dioxide) is made, is insinuated as anaerobic osmosis. Anaerobic retention frames happen in several areas where natural material is accessible and redox limit is low (zero oxygen). This is habitually the case in stomachs of ruminants, in bogs, residue of lakes and trench, common landfills, or even metropolitan sewers. Anaerobic cure itself is remarkably viable in emptying biodegradable natural blends, getting out mineralized blends like,, inside the game plan. Anaerobic cure can be coordinated in actually verifiable systems, and the way might be related at any scale and at wherever. To the level of wealth ooze made is nearly nothing and lots settled, however having a market regard while the so called granular anaerobic sludge is conveyed inside the bioreactor. Furthermore, valuable imperativeness as biogas is made set up of extreme review vitality wolfed. Enduring that anaerobic preparing the truth be prompted best removes common pollutions, there are in every way that really matters few if any real drawbacks left, even now not with regard to the energize of start of the system (Passos, Hernandez-Marine, Garcia and Ferrer, 2014). The fate of carbon and imperativeness in every oxygen expending and anaerobic wastewater cure looking forward to that the oxidation of one kg COD requires 1 kWh of air st ream vitality. Instead of anaerobic cure, incredible cure is by method for and colossal depicted by means of high operational charges, while a broad bureau of the waste is adjusted over to some other sort of waste. Oxygen eating treatment in an ordinary incited overflow set up together yields round portion of new sludge from the COD changed over, which calls for encourage treatment, e.g. Anaerobic assimilation, sooner than it's far reused, sorted out off or consumed. The carbon/control development measures of extreme effect and anaerobic bio-change to a fabulous amount influence the establishment of the looking at wastewater cure system (Alagz, Yenign and Erdinler, 2015). As everyone may suspect, up to this point, AnWT has created into forceful wastewater cure advancement. Various differing sorts of unquestionably dirtied wastewaters, even the individuals who were at that point time-regarded presently not to be fitting for AnWT, are by and by treated with the guide of anaerobic high -value change shapes. Anaerobic digestion Unmistakably, a proper situating of the above central elements depends on upon the area financial Management and societal circumstances. In the Netherlands, wealth overflow overseeing is the expense recognizing subtle element in working wastewater treatment systems. Since land filling isn't any inclination for plenitude sewage ooze and bio-wastes, while costs for incineration achieve 500/ton wet ooze or additional, the low slop time in anaerobic reactors is a short monetary favorable position (Koch, Helmreich and Drewes 2015). The system minimization, each other indispensable valuable asset of AnWT, might be sketched out with the guide of a full- scale outline, in which an anaerobic reactor with 6 m broadness and a stature of 25 m, suffices to manage up to 25 enormous measures of COD each day. The made slop, that is less than 1 Ton dry be included for consistently this circumstance, isn't a waste question, yet is publicized as seed slop for brand hitting new reactors. Such conservati veness makes the structure appropriate for use on the undertaking premises or sometimes even in the business office frameworks. The end alluded to is uniquely convincing in thickly populated levels and for those organizations anticipating to make utilization of anaerobic cure as the underlying section in a solution for enhancing methodology water (Passos, Gutirrez, Brockmann, Steyer, Garca, and Ferrer, 2015). The energized energy for the imperativeness components of AnWT specifically comes to fruition in view of the always developing force charges and the general stress on an unnatural atmosphere substitute. The more than 25 Tons COD/d of agro-mechanical waste (water) can be altered over in 7,000 cubic meter CH4/d, with a power resemblance cycle 250 Gild. Working with a modem joined warm temperature oversee (CHP) fuel engine, achieving 40% efficiency, a prized 1.2 MW electric controlled quality yield might be finished. The general imperativeness rebuilding might need to try and be better (coming to as much as 60%) if the greater part of the excess warmth might be used at the venture premises or direct area. Tolerating that full fiery cure could require cycle 1 kW1i/kg COD ousted, or 1 MW included electric power in the above case, the total power pick up of using AnWT over the impelled slop technique is two.2 MW. At a vitality cost of 0.1 /kWh this reciprocals around 5,000 /d (Li, Champagn e and Anderson, 2015). Beside the imperativeness itself, ebb and take the path of least resistance drivers consolidate the carbon credit that can be gotten by creating practical control using AnWT. For a conventional coal pushed power plant, the period of 1 MW vitality releases cycle 21 ton CO2/d, even with respect to a vaporous petroleum driven plant it's far a major segment of that regard. At a normal settled charge of 20/ton CO2, the above exampled venture should profit 500/d on carbon credit, in the meantime as no oil stock are connected for treating the wastewater. Notwithstanding the way that this whole is unimportant in industrialized worldwide areas, it can give a genuine inspiration in developing countries to begin treating the wastewater using unnecessary charge AnWT, and on this way securing the group condition. The carbon credit approach can, thusly, be considered as a Western allocation for completing AnWT structures in substantially less rich countries (Yang, Zhang and Hu, 2013). Researching the reasons why the commitment for AnWT changed into made, the going with hanging central elements of AnWT over ordinary oxygen devouring cure structures might be given: Reducing of plenitude sludge acquaintance up with ninety%. Up to 90% reducing in zone essential while making utilization of developed slop sleeping pad structures (Guo Peng, 2015). High material COD stacking charges achieving 20-35 kg COD predictable with m3 of reactor every day, requiring humbler reactor volumes (Batstone and Virdis, 2014). No use of oil based goods for treatment, saving cycle 1 kWh/kg COD ousted, dependent upon air move adequacy. Innovation of cycle 13.5 MJ Cat energy/kg COD ousted, giving 1.5 kWh power (expecting 40% electric fueled change skill ability) (Yenign and Demirel, 2013). Short start up ( 1 week), using granular anaerobic sludge as seed material. No or no use of chemicals. Plain development with high treatment efficiencies. Anaerobic sludge might be secured unfed, reactors can be worked in the midst of rustic campaigns just (e.g. Four months for each yr inside the sugar business). Excess overflow has a commercial center regard. High rate structures energize water reusing in generation lines (towards close circles). Siphoning is simple texture science. Instead of what many get, a siphon does no longer depend on natural weight (inspiring news should you ever need to siphon gas from your spaceship) however as a substitute gravity (a limit inconvenience for the spaceship circumstance). On account of the tough forces at depictions in a segment of liquid, when you start a siphon, it will keep going independent from anyone else. Just make an indicate cut it off while the pined for amount has been traded. Bio-counterfeit Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD insinuates nature of oxygen required through microorganisms in addition, diverse scaled down scale abiding being in bio-blend debasement and change of regular tally number underneath oxygen eating condition. The wellknown approach for estimation of separated oxygen substance of the illustration past after which in a while five days agonizing at 20 C wind up noticeably used for check number of BOD (Ward, Lewis and Green, 2014). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD addresses the oxygen essential of a case for oxidation of characteristic and inorganic number. COD does now not require five days strategy as required for BOD yet this check does now not separate among biodegradable and bio-sit without moving materials. This test progress toward becoming driven with the guide of which incorporate potassium dichromate along sulphuric destructive and a stimulus brought after with the guide of titration towards Mohr's salt. Standard strategy for considering of COD turned along with then used. Total Suspended Solids (TSS): Total solids are the developments that consolidate each broke down and suspended solids. Rotator transformed into used for filtration of the sewage water, trailed with the guide of vanishing and drying for measuring total broke down solids. Suspended solids were controlled by method for subtracting separated solids from blend solids (Silvestre, Fernndez and Bonmat, 2015). Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS): VSS get made toward the finish of BOD departure. Signify durable substance is the entire of split up, suspended and these recently encircled solids. Test: High sulfates may likewise begin from particular water supplies or from infiltration of saline ground water in which sewers experience such territories. The sulfides encircled from sulfate can set off disintegration and one of kind issues in light of its savage nature. This investigates transformed into coordinated utilizing barium chloride as ordinary reagent and taking after a similar old approach. Hydrogen-molecule Concentration (pH): It is as fundamental in light of the fact that the blend powerful substance for the sewage and temperature for ecological sentiments in prevalent. Acidic wastes are ominous to every metallic and stable shape. Other than being fatal to the land and water proficient presence they answer with the not unordinary alkalinity of the water, subsequently extending the carbonate hardness and on along these lines rendering it undeserving for future makes utilization of in garments or boilers. The pH regard transformed into measured through using electronic pH meter (Kinnunen, Craggs and Rintala, 2014). Mechanism under sludge granulation On a very basic level, garbage granulation finds its ground inside the reality that bacterial support is basic while debilitating expenses outperform the bacterial advancement costs Immobilization furthermore requires the proximity of reinforce fabric notwithstanding exact change centers. The event of granulation might be illuminated as takes after: Proper change centers, i.e. inert home grown and inorganic bacterial transporter substances and moreover bacterial sums, are really blessing inside the seed slop. Finely scattered recollect, together with fitting bacterial tally number, will come to be decreasingly held, when the shallow liquid and gas speeds increase, applying debilitating costs superior to the bacterial advancement costs underneath the principle natural circumstances. In this way film and furthermore broad affiliation thusly happens. The traverse of the sums and in addition bio-film thickness is confined, viz. It is predicated on upon the capacity high caliber (constraining forces and the level of bacterial intertwinement) and the external forces connected on the flotsam and jetsam/movies. In this way at due time, flotsam and jetsam/motion pictures will go into deterioration, propelling the resulting era (Dai, Liu and Yang, 2015). Retained helper improvement centers will extend in size once more, furthermore in bacterial thickness. Advancement is greatest most likely not constrained to the edges, furthermore keeps up interior the aggregates. The granules will consistently "age" or 'extend'. As a delayed consequence of this procedure of becoming the voluminous `filamentous granules', triumphing in the midst of the beginning levels of the granulation system, will vanish and improvement nearer to getting to be ousted through thick 'rod' granules. In a progressed granular slop, filamentous granules for the most component can be truant. Anaerobic expanded and fluidized bed system Developed casual lodging bedding systems are seen as the second one period of overflow sleeping pad reactors finishing ridiculous common stacking costs. The FB procedure depends upon on the event of bacterial association with adaptable conveyor flotsam and jetsam, which incorporate, for example, of top notch sand, basalt, pumice, or plastic (Mao, Feng, Wang, and Ren, 2015). The FB system can be viewed as a ventured forward anaerobic advancement, which could reach stacking costs of 50-60 kg COD/m3. Remembering the quit goal to hold up a consistent circumstance with respect to the bio-film change, a high level of pre-aging is viewed as fundamental and scattered depend should be truant in the support. Despite that, a great film thickness is genuinely difficult to oversee and through and substantial a seclusion of various types of bio-films over the stature of the reactor happens. In total scale reactors habitually revealed transporter flotsam and jetsam disengaged from the bio-films provoking operational issues. With a chose surrender objective to save the bio-film garbage inside the reactor, course changes are fundamental after which the support material will begin to total inside the lessening some piece of the reactor as a type of work area bound bedding, while light fluffy aggregates could be appear inside the top part. The last should be completed while the shallow speed remains regularly low, which in truth is not the motivation behind a FB structure. As bed augmentation permits a radically more prominent huge appointment of winning bio-films, the structure is tons the majority of the more prominent simple to work. As in the standard AF systems an inert penetrable carrier fabric is connected for bacterial association in the Anaflux structure. The Anaflux reactor uses a triple arrange separator at the best purpose of the reactor, a significant terrible part much the same as the GLSS gadget in UASB and EGSB reactors. At the component when the bio-film layer added to the media ends up being excessively over-made, and the as to aggregates then have a penchant to blend in the separator framework, the fabric is on occasion isolated from the reactor through an external pump wherein it's far subjected to the use of alright shear to empty a couple part of the bio-film Then each the media and separated biomass are returned to the reactor, and the loosened biomass is then approved to be flushed out from the structure. Thusly the thickness of the media is controlled and a more prominent homogeneous reactor sleeping pad is made. Up to 30-90 kg VSS/m3 reactor might be held in close by those lines and because of the associated extreme liquid up flow speeds, i.e. Up 10 m/h) a superb liquid biomass touch is master. The system is material to waste water with a suspended solids obsession The EGSB system uses granular overflow, which is characterized by means of brilliant settling highlights and a high methanogenic development. At the point while enormous overflow stacking expenses are connected the settle potential can be significantly less inferable from the biogas hold-up inside the granules. Because of the high settle ability of the overflow, high shallow liquid paces, i.e. Outperforming 6 m/h, might be connected. These high liquid velocities, all things considered with the lifting distraction of fuel prevalent inside the bed, prompt a mellow augmentation of the overflow bed. Likewise, in this way of that, a striking touch among overflow and waste water wins in the system, inciting fundamentally better stacking potential outcomes appeared differently in relation to ordinary UASB foundations. Conclusion Common wastewater is in sum the most boundless type of wastewater on the earth. Arrival of non-managed wastewaters to surface waters has a gigantic environmental impact and stances bona fide prosperity stresses to the people. Particularly since the more focused on common wastewaters are really ideal for anaerobic pre-treatment. The recovered essentialness can then be helpfully connected on the site online for broad cure up to discharge or reuse rules. Any excess power may furthermore fill in as a quality supply for e.g. Water machine pumps or for settlements inside the area of the plant. Considering the current stress with oil by-item use, anaerobic sewage treatment offers a practical decision for treating the critical stream of nearby and metropolitan wastewaters in numerous segments of the world. In gentle of the present unpracticed house fuel talk, reclamation of all conveyed CH4 should be a highlight bit of the cure plant characterize. Owing to its minimization, extreme charge an aerobic sewage treatment can be connected in urban zones moreover. A definitive will enact colossal charges diminishes in developing sewerage frameworks, pumping stations, and development frameworks. With a spread in the central understanding of the anaerobic methodology and a spread in the measure of finish scale experiences at any scale, anaerobic treatment will truly develop to be evidently one of the high systems for treating clearly tainted wastewaters streams. References Samaras, V.G., Stasinakis, A.S., Mamais, D., Thomaidis, N.S. and Lekkas, T.D., 2013. Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during wastewater treatment and sludge anaerobic digestion.Journal of hazardous materials,244, pp.259-267. Passos, F., Hernandez-Marine, M., Garcia, J. and Ferrer, I., 2014. Long-term anaerobic digestion of microalgae grown in HRAP for wastewater treatment. Effect of microwave pretreatment.water research,49, pp.351-359. Alagz, B.A., Yenign, O. and Erdinler, A., 2015. Enhancement of anaerobic digestion efficiency of wastewater sludge and olive waste: synergistic effect of co-digestion and ultrasonic/microwave sludge pre-treatment.Waste Management,46, pp.182-188. Koch, K., Helmreich, B. and Drewes, J.E., 2015. Co-digestion of food waste in municipal wastewater treatment plants: effect of different mixtures on methane yield and hydrolysis rate constant.Applied Energy,137, pp.250-255. Passos, F., Gutirrez, R., Brockmann, D., Steyer, J.P., Garca, J. and Ferrer, I., 2015. Microalgae production in wastewater treatment systems, anaerobic digestion and modelling using ADM1.Algal Research,10, pp.55-63. Yang, Y., Yu, K., Xia, Y., Lau, F.T., Tang, D.T., Fung, W.C., Fang, H.H. and Zhang, T., 2014. Metagenomic analysis of sludge from full-scale anaerobic digesters operated in municipal wastewater treatment plants.Applied microbiology and biotechnology,98(12), pp.5709-5718. Li, C., Champagne, P. and Anderson, B.C., 2015. Enhanced biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater treatment sludge and fat, oil and grease (FOG) by a modified two-stage thermophilic digester system with selected thermo-chemical pre-treatment.Renewable Energy,83, pp.474-482. Yang, Y., Zhang, C. and Hu, Z., 2013. Impact of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles on wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion.Environmental Science: Processes Impacts,15(1), pp.39-48. Guo, J., Peng, Y., Ni, B.J., Han, X., Fan, L. and Yuan, Z., 2015. Dissecting microbial community structure and methane-producing pathways of a full-scale anaerobic reactor digesting activated sludge from wastewater treatment by metagenomic sequencing.Microbial cell factories,14(1), p.33. Ariunbaatar, J., Panico, A., Esposito, G., Pirozzi, F. and Lens, P.N., 2014. Pretreatment methods to enhance anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste.Applied energy,123, pp.143-156. Batstone, D.J. and Virdis, B., 2014. The role of anaerobic digestion in the emerging energy economy.Current opinion in biotechnology,27, pp.142-149. Yenign, O. and Demirel, B., 2013. Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review.Process Biochemistry,48(5), pp.901-911. Ward, A.J., Lewis, D.M. and Green, F.B., 2014. Anaerobic digestion of algae biomass: a review.Algal Research,5, pp.204-214. Silvestre, G., Fernndez, B. and Bonmat, A., 2015. Significance of anaerobic digestion as a source of clean energy in wastewater treatment plants.Energy Conversion and Management,101, pp.255-262. Kinnunen, V., Craggs, R. and Rintala, J., 2014. Influence of temperature and pretreatments on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater grown microalgae in a laboratory-scale accumulating-volume reactor.Water research,57, pp.247-257. Dai, W., Xu, X., Liu, B. and Yang, F., 2015. Toward energy-neutral wastewater treatment: a membrane combined process of anaerobic digestion and nitritationanammox for biogas recovery and nitrogen removal.Chemical Engineering Journal,279, pp.725-734. Mao, C., Feng, Y., Wang, X. and Ren, G., 2015. Review on research achievements of biogas from anaerobic digestion.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,45, pp.540-555. Meyer, T. and Edwards, E.A., 2014. Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill wastewater and sludge.Water research,65, pp.321-349.

Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed free essay sample

There are many underlying issues with capital punishment and the moral backbone it clearly lacks. Capital punishment should not be legal for many reasons such as the irrelevance of retribution and irrevocable mistakes which leaves â€Å"criminals† wrongly accused. Retribution, in the form of capital punishment is the execution of the criminal in vengeance for the victim and their families. This ideology is flawed, out dated and irrelevant in today’s civilisation. Raymond A. Schroth, Jesus Priest and Community Professor of the Humanities at St. Peter’s College states that; Retribution is just another word for revenge, and the desire for revenge is one of the lowest human emotions — perhaps sometimes understandable, but not really a rational response to a critical situation. To kill the person who has killed someone close to you is simply to continue the cycle of violence which ultimately destroys the avenger as well as the offender. That this execution somehow gives closure to a tragedy is a myth. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Expressing one’s violence simply reinforces the desire to express it. Just as expressing anger simply makes us more angry. It does not drain away. It contaminates the otherwise good will which any human being needs to progress in love and understanding. This gives excellent insight into the irrelevance of retribution and the out dated values it holds on humanity. Retribution will not avenge the victim that has suffered. It only repeats the cycle in which had been familiarized by the murderer. It is unethical to kill a man for killing another and very contradictory. The legal system should not use this inhumane act of punishment on criminals for they are repeating the cycle of murder that they are apparently very against. Furthermore another valid motive against capital punishment is the irrevocable mistakes which leave innocent people executed for crimes they did not commit. Capital punishment is especially inhumane to the civilians who did not commit the crimes they are accused of and have to see the consequence of death. In many cases, it is very easy to be wrongly accused based on inaccurate evidence and this in itself should be enough to ban capital punishment in all of society. US Senator Russ Feingold gives his perception on how the Government has made mistakes when using capital punishment. Since the reinstatement of the modern death penalty, 87 people have been freed from death row because they were later proven innocent. That is a demonstrated error rate of 1 innocent person for every 7 persons executed. When the consequences are life and death, we need to demand the same standard for our system of justice as we would for our airlines It is a central pillar of our criminal justice system that it is better that many guilty people go free than that one innocent should suffer Let us reflect to ensure that we are being just. Let us pause to be certain we do not kill a single innocent person. This is really not too much to ask for a civilized society. The system has made many detrimental mistakes in the past. Such as the case of 2004, the state of Texas executed Cameron Todd Willingham for starting the fire that killed his children. The Texas Forensic Science Commission determined that the arson testimony that led to his conviction was based on very inaccurate and flawed science. To this day, 139 wrongly convicted people on death row have been exonerated. In a case like Willingham’s, DNA is scarcely available and often irrelevant to the verdict. This cannot guarantee that we won’t execute innocent civilians. Capital juries are dominated by people who favor the death penalty, resulting in them usually voting to convict them. The evidence shown above should be enough for capital punishment to be demolished purely for the fact that no one should have to be executed even for the case of one innocent person wrongly accused to be saved from death row. In summary the death penalty [capital punishment] should be abolished in all countries. Irrelevant retribution is highly unethical and contradictory to the society we live in today and the irrevocable mistakes of wrongly accused civilians leave many innocent people killed. This system is out dated to our society and continues the cycle of violence in which the justice system is trying to eliminate.

The Early History of Flight

The Early History of Flight   Around 400 BC - Flight in China The Chinese’s discovery of a kite that could fly in the air started humans thinking about flying. Kites were used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies. They built many colorful kites for fun, also. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions. Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Humans Try to Fly like Birds For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds and have studied the flight of winged creatures. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and cannot move with the strength of a bird. Hero and the Aeolipile The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile, which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. To do this, Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. The importance of the aeolipile is that it marks the start of engine created movement will later prove essential in the history of flight. 1485 Leonardo da Vinci’s Ornithopter and the Study of Flight. Leonardo da Vinci  made the first real studies of flight in the 1480s. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines and devices for the testing of wings. His Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. Leonardo da Vincis notebooks on flight were re-examined in the 19th century by aviation pioneers. 1783 - Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier and The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon Two brothers,  Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter than air. In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. After this initial success, the brothers began to send men up in hot air balloons. The first manned hot air balloon flight was carried out on November 21, 1783 and the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850s - George Cayley’s Gliders Sir George Cayley is considered the father of aerodynamics. Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators and air screws. He also designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body for control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Cayleys gliders. It was the first glider capable of carrying a human. For over 50 years, George Cayley made improvements to his gliders. Cayley changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. He also designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He then tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. Additionally, Cayley recognized that there would be a need for machine power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time.

Case Study of diagnosis and treatment of Gout

Case Study of diagnosis and treatment of Gout A 50 year-old male presented for an evaluation of rapid onset of pain and swelling in his right toe. The patient reported that he had two similar previous episodes with the same symptoms lasting four to five days and was treated by emergency physicians. The patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s past medical history is significant for hypertension and treated with Hydrochlorothiazide. The review of systems was negative for headache, fever, chills, rash, earache, sore throat, cough, rhinorrhea, vision changes, weight loss, or change in appetite or disposition. The patient was afebrile, and this blood pressure was slightly elevated. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: General: The patient is a pleasant male who appears to be in no apparent distress. Vital Signs: blood pressure 123/48, heart rate 76, Temperature 38.3 and 98% on room air. HEENT: Extraocular muscles are intact. Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. Neck: Supple. No jugular vein distention noted. No carotid bruits noted . Lungs: Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No wheezes, rubs or rhonchi. Heart: Regular rate and rhythm. Normal S1, S2. A 2/6 to 3/6 systolic ejection murmur at the right upper sternal border. PMI is nondisplaced. Abdomen: Notable for laparoscopy surgical wound. Positive bowel sounds. Extremities: MTP is red, hot and swollen. Neurologic: The patient is alert and oriented x3. No focal neurologic deficits noted. Pathophysiology Gout is an inflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in and around joints, subcutaneous tissues, and kidneys. Although men and women are equally affected by gout, men are six times more likely to have serum concentrations above 7 mg per dL. Gout typically occurs during middle age and is uncommon before the age 30 years old. Women rarely have gouty arthritis attacks before menopause 1. Clinical Presentation Gout attacks are usually associated with precipitated events. Patients usually present with rapid onset of severe pain, swel ling, redness, and warmth in one or tow joints. This pain and inflammation are caused by inflammatory response. Acute attack untreated attacks usually last two to 21 days depending on cases. There are four clinical stages of gout according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). The first stage is known as asymptomatic hyperurecemia. During this stage, the patients can have an elevation of uric acid in the blood but they do not have any symptoms yet. After more and more urate deposits around a joint and if any trauma triggers the release of crystal into the joint space, patients will suffer acute attacks of gout. This second stage is known as acute gouty arthritis. The third stage, known as interval or intercritical gout, involves the interval between acute flare gout attacks with persist crystals in the joints. When crystals deposits continue to accumulate, patients are likely to develop chronically stiff and swollen joints. This stage is called chronic tophceous gout. Some permanent damage to affected joints and sometimes to kidneys can be seen. This advanced stage is relatively uncommon if patients receive proper treatment. Differential Diagnosis Gout in the elderly is often polyarticular and involves upper extremity joints (especially proximal interphalangeal joints and distal interphalangeal joints). Women present 70% of the time with polyarticular disease rather than the classic monoarticular arthritis seen in men. Gout can be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis because tophi may resemble rheumatoid nodules and rheumatoid factors often become weakly positive as people age. It may be difficult to differentiate cellulitis or septic arthritis from gout, particularly when a fever, leukocytosis, redness, or desquamation is present. The term pseudogout, for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, belies the difficulty in clinically differentiating it from gout. For definitive diagnosis, joint fluid must be aspirate d for culture and a search for urate crystals.

Ross-Cultural Awareness Impacts on Communication Skills Essay

Ross-Cultural Awareness Impacts on Communication Skills - Essay Example One culture might have different meanings than another. In these regards, they are not trying to be disrespectful, yet may be perceived as such. I also believe cultural awareness will help me develop strategies and create much more effective advertisements for my company. Some words and jokes might not be easily translated and sometimes you may need to adapt your marketing policy or modify your product to that region. Trompenaar noted that understanding cultural differences gives clues about how people solve their problems. With proper knowledge you can see opportunities in the area and expand your business. Cross-cultural awareness removes the barriers between people and provides healthier relationships. With knowledge of verbal cultural differences, I hope to communicate with people from different ethnic backgrounds more efficiently. When I’m communicating with people, I need to choose my words more sensibly to not offend them. Another point with this knowledge is that I wil l become more tolerant with people because I will know that they are not trying to be disrespectful or arrogant; it is part of their culture. As communication largely occurs through verbal elements, I believe that gaining an increased understanding of different languages will in-turn contribute to greater amounts of cultural understanding. The improvement of this cultural understanding will then extend to areas that are not simply linked to language, but also will include a more comprehensive recognition of the deep and meaningful elements.

Leader Follower Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leader Follower Communication - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that a leader is expected to be honest, and manage to gain his followers’ trust, as the latter determine if the leader is effective or not. Moreover, followers are in a position to determine whether a leader should be followed or not. Followers are different and hence require different forms of leadership. For instance, new employees may require more supervision compared to experienced employees, while an employee who is de-motivated may require a different form of leadership compared to the motivated employee. The growth of followers is determined by the effectiveness of a leader. Generally, there exist several types of followers, including the effective follower, who is independent and active, the conformist follower who is dependent of the leader but also active, and the alienated follower who is independent but not much of a team player. In addition, there is the passive follower who is prone to resistance and therefore requires a high level of super vision, and the pragmatic follower who is normally stuck in the middle, as he is not sure on his stand and sometimes maximize on their self-interest only. In addition, leadership varies with situations, such that a certain type of leadership may be applicable in one situation but it may not be applicable in another. Leaders and followers differ in that everyone can be a follower but not all can be leaders since leadership is not only a position defined by a state of mind and character. Followership is the willingness to follow a leader or to be led; however, a leader can as well be a follower, as he has to follow his superiors and his followers. For instance, in the case of a flight captain who gives orders to his crewmembers, if the crew does not understand, he goes ahead and teaches them on how to attend to that particular matter, thereby becoming a follower since he reacted to the actions of his followers. In this research, a selection of followers was made from nurses who report to doctors, a clerk who reports to the manager, a personal secretary who reports to the managing director and technician who reports to the head engineer.

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Example for Free

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Ashley Floyd Fields This dissertation examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a Literature Review and a study of measures within organizations. In the Literature Review, the nature and experience of the use of intuitive skills and abilities will be examined and discussed. Research questions regarding the relationship between intuitive-type thought processes and methods of thinking and decision-making are considered. Finally, the Literature Review will explore rational and non-logical processing styles in decision-making and the organizational positioning which call for an intuitive approach. Using a survey instrument, the study will examine group differences in measures for individuals having various positions and functions within a variety of organizations. Dr. Gary Salton’s Organizational Engineering concepts (Salton, 1996) which are consistent with the concept of intuition, provide the focus of this study. Organizational Engineering differs from other theories by looking at intuition as a phenomenon arising naturally from the information processing and decision-making methods and modes employed by individuals. The research question is: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? The research question was tested by five interrelated hypotheses. Three hypotheses were designed to examine both the Reactive Stimulator and Relational Innovator style component and their proposed relationship to hierarchy. In addition, two hypotheses were designed to test Research Development, Information Technology, and Customer Service for the relative level of intuition required to discharge these functional responsibilities effectively. All of the study hypotheses were found to perform as anticipated at a very high level of significance. However, in Hypothesis 2, the level of Reactive Stimulator did vary systematically within leadership ranks. Ashley Floyd Fields In fact, individuals using an unpatterned method (organization of data being input) and a thought and/or action mode (character of intended output) would arrive at decision options which would not appear to follow any of the standard, logical, and/or existing processes. Thus, an outside observer would tend to attribute the unexpected idea as arising from some sort of insight process founded on intuition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation, I continually thought of its beginning, when, in an intuitive moment, I decided to research the use of rational and non-rational thought processing within organizations. I believed then, and especially now, the topic would provide significant insight to the behavior within organizations at the individual, group and organizational levels. The process I have gone through is not unlike what happens today in organizations. At various stages of development, I received a spectrum of responses, both encouraging and challenging. What I thought was â€Å"cutting edge† research many times felt like â€Å"bleeding edge† because one of the characteristics associated with intuition is the inability to fully explain how you arrived at the answer being professed. Fortunately, as happens in organizations, knowledgeable individuals stepped forward and supported going forward with the research. At this time, I would like to gratefully acknowledge my committee members: Dr. Ron Fetzer, Dr. William Snow, Dr. Bill Harrington, and Dr. Joe Balloun. For anyone who has been or is currently in a doctoral program, you know words are inadequate to express appreciation for people who have dedicated themselves so that others, like myself, could achieve such a significant milestone as the completion of the research process. Another critical and crucial supporter of this work is Dr. Gary Salton. Dr. Salton exemplifies the intuitive practitioner who, years ago, began developing the concept of Organizational Engineering and compiling the database which became the basis for this research. His unselfish contributions enable us all to benefit from organizational insights to this research which can facilitate new methods and better results at all levels for organizational workers. Also during the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have been blessed to have discussed this work personally with individuals well known in the fields of business, organizational development, and change management. I wish to thank the following people whose conversations were both encouraging and enlightening: Dr. Weston Agor, Dr. Bill Taggart, Patricia Aburdene, Dr. Charles Garfield, Dr. Elliott Jaques, Dr. Warren Bennis, and Sharon Franquemont. In addition, I wish to thank the individuals who have assisted me in various ways over the years. Lest I should unintentionally leave one or two out, I say to them sincerely â€Å"Much Thanks†. Without you I know I would not have made it. As you read this, you will know in your hearts and minds who you are. Last but not least, I would like to express my love and appreciation for my family, who have sacrificed time and resources during both the course of study and the writing of this dissertation: To my loving and supportive wife, Sharon, who wanted me to finish as much as I did; to my children, Whitney and Geoffrey, who wondered if they would graduate high school before I completed my course of study; and to my parents who, â€Å"May They Rest in Peace†, did not live to see this moment in time, at least not from here on earth. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Research Question Definition of Terms Overview of Total Research Study 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Intuition Major Theorists Researchers Management Oriented Research 28 Instrumentation Summary 3. METHODOLOGY Variables Relational Innovator Dimension: Hypothesis 1 Reactive Stimulator Dimension: Hypothesis 2 Organizational Level: Hypothesis 3 Relational Innovator/ Reactive Stimulator: Hypothesis 4 Hypothetical Analyzer/ Logical Processor: Hypothesis 5 I-OPTTM Instrument Database Subjects Population Instrument Design Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data Analysis Environment Summary 4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 9 9 10 18 40 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 54 55 55 57 59 59 60 60 63 67 ix xiÃ'Ž Hypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview of Significant Findings Limitations of this Study Implications for Human Resource Management Professionals Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions Appendix A. I-OPTTM SURVEY B. THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY C. PERMISSION LETTER D. CLASSIFICATION OF HIERARCHICAL LEVELS REFERENCES CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 78 82 83 83 85 85 88 90 91 93 96 98 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10A. 10B. 11. 12. 13. 14A. 14B. 15. 16. 17A. 17B. 18. 19. 20A. Instruments Measuring Intuition Examples of Work Groups in the Database Types of Industries/Areas Included in Database Organizational Distribution of Experts Occupational Positions of Experts Educational Achievements of Experts Statistical Results of Hypothesis 1: Relation of Hierarchical and Relational Innovator Levels Statistical Results of Hypothesis 2: Relation of Hierarchical and Reactive Stimulator Levels Mann-Whitney Test Results of Hypothesis 2a : Leaders versus the Population in Reactive Stimulator Score Hypothesis 2: Leader Median and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Hypothesis 2: Population MedianÃ'Ž and Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Non-Parametric Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Relation of Hierarchical Position to Conservator Pattern Levels Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3: Leaders versus Population in Conservator Pattern Levels Hypothesis 3: Population Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 3: Leader Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Comparison of Research Development and Information Technology Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Comparison of Information Technology and Research Development Functions Hypothesis 4: Mean Research Development Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 4: Mean Information Technology Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Comparison of Population and Customer Service Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5: Conservator Pattern Comparison of Customer Service And Population Hypothesis 5: Mean Customer Service Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Page 40 52 53 58 58 59 61 63 66 66 67 68 70 71 72 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 20B. 21. Hypothesis 5: Mean Population Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hierarchical Distribution of LeaderAnalysisTM Database 80 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10A. 10B. 10C. 11A. 11B. 11C. Basic Information Processing Model Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode Summary of Strategic Patterns Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hypothesis 1: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 1: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2: Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Mean Scores  by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3: Median Score by Population and Leader Hypothesis 3: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Leader Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Median Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Percent of Cases above Median by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4: Changer Pattern Mean Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 5: Median Scores by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5: Mean Scores by Population and Customer Service Page 3 3 4 8 16 62 62 64 65 69 69 72 73 76 77 77 81 81 82 CHAPTER 1 Introduction This study examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a literature review and study of measures currently being used within organizations. Human behaviorists have examined why the performance of some people get them to the top while others around them remain in lower levels of the organization. They have considered situations such as, given the same information, one person completes a problem-solving process much sooner than another with nearly the same responses and wondered how that happened. This research focuses on the relationship between intuitive thought, organization level; and function. It explores the use of intuition in decision-making and the organizational conditions which call for an intuitive approach. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to determine the systematic use of intuitive skills and abilities in business organizations. Management research historically has been biased toward the analytical process in decision-making. This rational approach has been more popular as the preferred and acceptable method for studying management practices. Alternative unstructured methods have been ignored or labeled irrational in the negative sense. However, since this study’s focus is centered on working adults, judgment can be reached using other non-logical thought processes such as intuition, which take into account years of expertise, considerable introspection, and/or informal rules learned over time. This study identifies major theorists and their opinions and findings, as well as their sources of learning. However, no attempt is made to  exhaustively identify all sources referencing the theories and studies related to intuition. Primary examination is given to twentieth century researchers, although earlier authors of prominence are noted in selected cases. Significance of the Study Eisenhardt (1989) linked rapid decision-making to such characteristics as decisive, operations-focused, hands on, and instinctive. Therefore, fast decision-making is linked to effective performance. As an example of behavior linked to fast decisionmaking, Eisenhardt found executives gathered real time information on firm operations and the competitive environment which resulted in a deep, intuitive grasp of the business. This intuitively-based understanding translates into improved business performance. Many managers report using intuition in their decision-making, in spite of the deeply rooted bias against non-rational methods (Agor, 1984a; Agor, 1984b; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974; Isaack, 1978; Mintzberg, 1976; and Rowan, 1986). Reports of managers use of intuition ranges from inferential processes, performed under their own pre-existing database (Agor, 1986a,b,c,d) to acceptance and use of predictive abilities (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). Successful decision-makers have been found to have great predictive abilities (Cosier and Alpin, 1982; and Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). However, many managers remain unwilling to acknowledge their use of intuition, fearing negative responses from their colleagues (Agor, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d). Additional researchers who influence this study are Barnard (1968), Vaughan (1979), Hermann (1981), Isenberg (1984), Simon (1987), and Parikh (1994). This study seeks to redefine intuition in a form which is acceptable to the rationalistic school and yet accommodates the scholarly but more inferential approaches. The study explores the use of intuition in an extensive cross section of people in organized environments. Theory/Aspect of Theory Being Tested Gary Salton (1996) developed the Organizational Engineering theory as a way of measuring and predicting the behavior of interactive groups of people. In Salton’s theory, human beings are regarded as information processing organisms, by which, the human is bound to the Input-Process-Output model (Figure 1) common to all information processors, regardless of their format. INPUT PROCESS Figure 1 Basic Information Processing Model (Salton, 1996, p. 9) OUTPUT Salton’s (1996) theory proposes the type of information sought and the intended direction of the output predetermines processing behavior. For example, if the subject does not collect detail in the input phase of the process, his output will not likely be tightly structured, logical, precise, or optimal relative to the issue being addressed. Rather, minimal output will probably result. In effect, therefore an individual using an opportunistic strategy obtains speed of response at the price of precision. Salton’s (1996) theory maintains an input-process-output model is largely governed by two large-scale factors: method and mode, which are conceived as continuums. Method (Figure 2) governs the character of input. At one end of the continuum is what Salton calls an unpatterned method. Using the unpatterned strategy, an individual simply acquires whatever information is readily available and appears relevant to the issue at hand. UNPATTERNED STRUCTURED â€Å"An Available Way† Convenient Expedient Opportune Spontaneous METHOD (INFORMATION ORGANIZATION) â€Å"A Predefined Way† Template Formula Scheme Pattern Map Figure 2 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Method (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49). The other end of the method continuum (Salton, 1996) is defined as a structured methodology. Here the individual has some form of structure and attempts to apply it to acquire information, which appears relevant to the issue at hand. An individual can move to any point on the continuum trading speed, precision, understanding and certainty of outcome with every increment along the scale. Salton (1996) defines the other large-scale characteristic as mode. This is visualized also as a continuum (Figure 3) ranging from thought on one polar extreme to action on the other. Salton defines thought not as a cognitive activity but rather as an intermediate result. Therefore, under Salton’s definition, a plan requiring many hours of physical activity and which might fill reams of paper will still be considered a thought based response. It is intermediate. It has no effect on the outside world or the issue being addressed until it is acted upon. Action (Salton, 1996) is the other end of the mode continuum. Here, the subject acts directly to affect the issue in question. This action may or may not have been preceded by thought as defined by Salton. From this perspective of intuition theory, action can be seen as a more decisive, aggressive, or positive response by an external observer. Thought, on the other hand, appears to the outside observer to be more rational, reflective, or coherent. Therefore, a subject tending to favor the action end of Salton’s continuum will tend to be seen as decisive, operations-focused, and hands-on. These characteristics were associated with people employing intuitive strategies (Eisenhardt, 1989). THOUGHT ACTION â€Å"An Intermediate Step† Plans Assessments Evaluations Judgements Advise Counsel MODE (DIRECTION FOR USE OF INFORMATION) â€Å" A Direct Effect on the Issue under Consideration†Ã¢â‚¬  Initiative Intervention Act Execution Figure 3 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing: Mode (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49) These basic components of Salton’s theory carry major implications for the study of intuition theory. Various combinations of method and mode produce behaviors paralleling the behaviors attributed to intuition. For example, a person using an unpatterned approach appears to an outside observer to be following a more intuitive strategy. There appears to be no logical structure to the information required. The logic exists, but it is in the mind of the subject and concerns the potential relevance of information to the specific issue being addressed. If questioned, the subject may or may not be able to readily articulate why a particular element of information was selected. The outcome of this process is entirely consistent with rapid decision-making, displaying characteristics that are considered instinctive—a phenomenon often attributed to intuition (Eisenhardt, 1989). The use of the unpatterned end of Salton’s continuum also produces results consistent with Clark’s (1973) view, since the person will not know how he knows what he knows. The mode element of Salton’s theory also has implications for intuition theory. The thought side of Salton’s continuum focuses primarily on intermediate steps (study, assessment, evaluation, etc. ), many of which are not observable. Therefore, a person using an unpatterned method and thought mode may experience intuitive insights not visibly displayed. A person using an unpatterned method with an action mode, however, will exhibit behaviors an observer can readily attribute to intuition. Inputs potentially useful to address the issue at hand are quickly acquired and promptly applied. A portion of these will successfully address the issue at hand and may be noticed by others who interact with the decision-maker. These outsiders may comment on the decision-maker’s insight, further establishing or reinforcing the decision-maker’s self-conception as being intuitive. An example may help illustrate this situation. Consider a situation in which a person uses an unpatterned method to address a particular issue, such as when an executive interacts with the Board of Directors or with special interest groups. The person would begin indiscriminately seizing information, to help resolve the issue. If the person is also using an action mode, he will tend to apply the information without hesitation. If it works, the search is over. If it does not, he or she returns to the environment, picks up another piece of information, and cycles through the process again. The indiscriminate acquisition of information increases the probability of discovering an improbable but valid way of addressing the issue. In other words, by not following an established structure, the person increases the odds of a serendipitous discovery or of a previously unrecognized approach to resolve a problem. This type of resolution is easily attributable to insight or intuition since it is unexpected and not readily attributable to an obvious antecedent. Intangible concepts like intuition may be the real stimulus. Because research in information acquisition is limited as well as in planning the application, the cycles can occur very rapidly. The use of the action mode increases the probability an individual will repeatedly demonstrate intuitive-type results in a manner visible to others. This often-observed style or behavior in turn suggests an innate quality. Hence, the person is considered to be intuitive. Similarly, method and mode operate in a continuum; thus, people would exhibit degrees of intuition. However, the more committed a person is using an unpatterned method for information acquisition, the more likely they will display behavior attributable to intuition, and whom others will describe as using an intuitive strategy. The focus on this combination of method and mode is similar to other thinkers in the field. For example, many issues addressed at the senior executive level do not have a readily identifiable structure of information acquisition. Some have parameters encouraging thought based (i. e. , intermediate) responses, while others will require immediate action/reaction. Therefore Salton suggests executives will use both nonlogical and logical methods in the conduct of their ordinary affairs—just as Barnard (1968) also proposed and Agor (1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d) confirmed. Salton does not directly address intuition in his research because his focus is on the interactive behavior people use in group activity. Other theorists and researchers have relied on psychologically based processes, which are not readily visible to external observers. However, as demonstrated above, Salton’s theory can readily serve as a vehicle for integrating the works of multiple authors who have written extensively on intuition. In addition, Salton’s theory has the merit of using ratio-scaled variables that allow people to express degrees of commitment to one or another strategy (i. e. , method and mode) which can be measured and tested. This study proposes the behavior a person exhibits using unpatterned information acquisition methods and action-based output modes will be consistent with the work found by numerous intuition theorists. This study also proposes the use of these strategies (unpatterned method, action mode) will be systematically exhibited in a manner consistent with the findings of others. Research Question This study will focus on the following research question with regards to management decision-making and the use of intuition: Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? Definition of Terms Organizational Engineering theory adopts a set of variables useful in describing the operation of the theory. This section defines these, as well as other terms applied in this study. Intuition – A way of perceiving which relies on relationships, meanings, and possibilities beyond the reach of the conscious mind (Myers and McCaulley, 1985) and includes behavioral attributes (Brown, 1990). A way of knowing in which we often do not know how we know what we know (Vaughan, 1979). Hypothetical Analyzer – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Logical Processor – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Reactive Stimulator – One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using unpatterned methods (Salton, 1996). Relational Innovator – One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using unpatterned method (Salton, 1996). Changer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Reactive Stimulator (Salton, 1996). Conservator – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Logical Processor and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Perfector – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Performer – This orientation pattern combines the styles of Reactive Stimulator and Logical Processor (Salton, 1996). Figure 4 (Salton, 1996) illustrates the various combinations and their resulting strategic patterns, given different primary and secondary strategic profiles. PATTERN Changer Conservator Performer Reactive Stimulator (RS) Logical Processor (LP) Figure 4 Summary of Strategic Patterns. Perfector Relational Innovator (RI) Hypothetical Analyzer (HA) Overview of Total Research Study Chapter 2 reviews the findings of major authors in the field of intuition research and forms the foundation for the testable hypotheses to be used to examine the research question. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Intuition is a relatively new subject of academic interest. Literature on the subject, particularly on its use in decision-making did not become prevalent until the early 1970s (Argyris, 1973a, 1973b; Clark, 1973; Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, Schroeder, 1974; Jung, 1971; Leavitt, 1975a, 1975b; Livingston, 1971; Mintzberg, 1973, 1975, 1976; and Simon, 1977). These works, along with research in the 1980s, incorporated intuition related literature and research prior to the 1970s and as far back as the 1950s (Riggs, 1987). This research study concentrates specifically on the research literature as it relates to the use of intuition in decision-making among organization managers and executives. Various organizational environments are examined in the literature review and thus, may be reasonably considered an overview of the subject. This research is classified into two categories: (1) theoretical developments concerning the concept of intuition, and (2) survey studies supporting the premise for using intuition in decision-making. The overview provides information on the use of intuition in business organizations as a function of leadership and decision-making; and explores various well- established methodologies as well as those still in development. Definition of Intuition The term intuition is defined as â€Å"knowing something instinctively; a state of being aware of or knowing something without having to discover or perceive it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Encarta, 1999). Intuition is seen as an innate capacity not directly accessible by considering the process which gives rise to a judgment or action involving it. Thus, intuition seems to be a residual process accommodating whatever can’t be explained by other means. The literature reflects the inherent lack of obvious conceptual framework for the term intuition. Some of the alternative descriptors are ESP, psi, judgment, insight, and gut feelings (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974); hunch (Barnard, 1968); extrasensory perception (Leavitt, 1975b); non-rational (Cohen and March, 1974); recognition (Goldberg, 1983; Ray and Myers, 1986), and edge (Tichy, 1997). Such non-specific definitions suggest that different authors and researchers could be describing different processes or even measuring different phenomenon. Conversely, experts could be referring to the same phenomenon with different labels. Major Theorists This study attempts to capture the value of various theorists’ approaches by focusing on the central contribution of each, and how these compare or contrast to Organizational Engineering theory. Theorists are often classified as personality based such as Jung or transpersonal based such as Vaughan. The more classical theorists’ approach view intuition as a distinct pattern of thought from the rational mode (Jung, 1971), while the transpersonal theorists’ approach considers the integration of rational and intuitive approaches and considers them both valid and separate, as well as complementary (Goldberg, 1983; Vaughan, 1979) One of the most important figures to focus on the concept of intuition is Carl Jung. His theory of psychological types is the basis for the development of the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1992). Jung’s theory of intuition suggests intuition is a psychological function present in all people to varying degrees and is manifested in personality types. Jung defines intuition as a perception and comprehension of the whole at the expense of details attributable to unconscious process. Intuition is thus viewed as a cognitive function outside the province of reason and given consideration whenever established rational or other cognitive concepts do not work. In short, it is the perception of reality in which the intuitive knows, but does not know how he knows (Clark, 1973). Later, Jung broadens his thoughts on personality types by introducing the concept of synchronicity, which further helps to explain intuitive-type feelings and visions not attributable to coincidence (Rowan, 1986). Jung uses such phrases for intuition as hunches, inspiration, and insight to problem-solving methods, all of which reflect little patience for detail or routine (Behling and Eckel, 1991). Vaughan (1979) describes four levels of intuition: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. The theorists, writers and researchers describe intuition in both psychological and physiological terms. Intuition experienced through physical levels includes bodily sensations such as tension or discomfort. This is not to say however that every bodily sensation indicates an intuitive message, but these physical symptoms can be used for self-awareness, as well as a source of warnings and signs. Emotional intuitive messages take several forms, such as liking or disliking something or someone for no apparent reason, feeling the need to perform an action or do something, and sensing energy levels in oneself or others. Emotional level intuition can be used to deepen one’s self-awareness and to understand others (Vaughan, 1979). The mental level of intuition is typically experienced as images or ideas. It may appear as the perception of patterns, insights, or images, especially in problem-solving situations. Intuition at the mental level can be used to trigger creativity, explore problem-solving areas not previously mined, and to enhance learning (Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition does not rely on sensations, feelings, or thoughts. In fact, these are considered being distracters at the spiritual level (Blackwell, 1987; Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition is a means for improving self-awareness and transpersonal experiences. Vaughan does not clarify whether a single intuition mode is responsible for all four types or whether unique factors exist for each type. This generality suggests Vaughan is defining taxonomy rather than a theoretical specification which can be tested and validated through scientific methods. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory however does account for all facets of Vaughan’s taxonomy. Salton’s theory focuses on inputs and outputs, regardless of the source or the outcome. Vaughan’s physical, emotional, mental or spiritual intuitive factors can be accounted for with equal facility. Salton’s Organizational Engineering theory argues intuition is the result of a single process. Therefore, there is no operational need to specify the source or destination of the input-output chain (Salton, 2000). Vaughan’s approach may be of value in describing intuition but it is not suitable to test the concept. Like Vaughan, Salton is indifferent to the source of the input providing the initial drive toward an external response. Further, Salton makes no judgment about the value, or lack of value, of these explanations. The rational approach to intuition accepts the notion that the human mind has alternative methods of processing information and these methods influence behaviors. For example, Jung posits four independent but interacting categories of cognition— intuition, thinking, feeling, and sensing. Each of these cate.

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